In fact, I've never served on a live jury, despite . If you are on active duty in the armed forces, are a member of the emergency services, or youre engaged in full-time public duties, you are automatically excused. stream While many states allow individuals over a certain age to request exemption from jury duty on account of their age, New York has no such statutory exemption. (7) Judges and magisterial district judges of the Commonwealth and judges of the United States as defined in 28 U.S.C. May 2002. Please refer to your group number below and follow the instructions. Some states require notice in writing; other states have a box the senior can check on the jury summons form. Check your summons or contact your localjury office for more information. While the majority of jury trials last less than a week, jurors can receive up to $60 a day after serving 10 days on a trial. Coverage in your state may depend on waivers of federal rules. Beginning January 1, 2020, certain individuals with criminal histories are eligible to serve as a juror. Usage is subject to our Terms and Privacy Policy. California provides jurors with $15 every day starting on the second day of service, except employees of governmental entities who receive full pay and benefits from their employers while on jury service. If you receive a summons, be sure to mark your calendar. Consistent with Governor Newsoms Beyond the Blueprint plan, the Superior Court of Alameda County (Court) has reopened all courthouses to the public and restored additional in-person services beginning June 15, 2021. How old do you have to be to be exempt from jury duty in NY? It could be a middle initial missing or a maiden name not changed after marriage. Instead call 510-891-6031 or email jury@alameda.courts.ca.gov to explain your condition and request a deferral of your jury service. Can banks make loans out of their required reserves? COVID-19 Prevention Program Training for Jurors. All things considered, around 0.09% of the population will be called and 0.02% will actually go on to serve. Welcome to the Alameda County online juror summons response option. Please be assured that the Court is taking all necessary steps to ensure the health and safety of all who come to court. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The California Judicial Branch offers diverse career opportunities in a variety of fields including jury management, as well as court operations, finance, information technology, legal, facilitates, administrative support, and more. How this works varies by state and by court. Remember: The trial cannot proceed until everyone is present. This type of contact is inappropriate during a trial. | California Student Jury Duty Excuse Some jurors may also need to talk to a professional about feelings that the trial may have brought up. To be eligible for Medicaid long-term care, recipients must have limited incomes and no more than $2,000 (in most states). If you need assistance, a friend or a family member who speaks English can call for you. You will be paid for your services as a juror, but dont expect to take home a lawyers salary. %PDF-1.5 The majority of states have a rule in place that allows individuals over a certain age to choose not to serve on a jury if called. The judge and court staff works to reduce the time prospective jurors spend waiting for assignment. This is not true for all states, and there are other exemptions to consider. Find out how to choose a nursing home or assisted living facility, when to fight a discharge, the rights of nursing home residents, all about reverse mortgages, and more. What disqualifies you from jury duty in California? Date: 02-28-2023 Time: 8:30 AM Location: Oakland - Ren C. Davidson Courthouse Group numbers: 73-85 Report in person on the following date, time, and location. This cherished right is guaranteed by both the U.S. and California Constitutions. Trial length depends on how complex the issues are and how long jurors spend in deliberations. *Superior Court of Alameda County will implement AB1981 which changes juror travel reimbursements effective January 1, 2023. Understand when and how a court appoints a guardian or conservator for an adult who becomes incapacitated, and how to avoid guardianship. The work done by the courts affects all people, so it is important that all communities be a part of our justice system. If you have forbidden items, you may be asked to leave the courthouse and return without them. All rights reserved. An adult can be called at any age. Many employers support the jury system and provide jury service benefits and will continue employee wages while they serve. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. When you serve on a jury, you make important decisions affecting other people's lives as well as your own community. No. You will have to report for jury duty for one of the summonses. If you need assistance or accommodations to serve as a juror, please contact the Jury Commissioner at 303-739-6466 or via email at jurycommisioner@auroragov.org. However, individuals over the age of 70 may request to be excused from jury service if they have a medical condition that makes them unable to serve. Keep in mind that your initial jury duty summons is only for attending jury selection day, where it will be decided if you are to actually serve on a jury during the "Voir Dire" process. There are two ways to receive a pardon: one is by applying for and being granted a Certificate of Rehabilitation and Pardon, and the second is through a Direct Application for Pardon. Additionally, jurors using public transportation will be able to submit a Public Transportation Reimbursement request form to receive travel reimbursement for using any mode of local public transportation to arrive to the courthouse. We serve individuals and families across Pennsylvania from three convenient office locations. The 94 federal courts can assign their own additional exemption rules, some of which may apply to seniors. Call the Interactive Voice Response Line at (510) 879-3079. And physical limitations can make jury duty an undue hardship for some. After 5 P.M. on the Friday before your summons date and every night during your summons week, check our Jury Reporting Instructions pageor call (510) 879-3079 to receive reporting instructions. Be alert and courteous. IVR (Interactive Voice Response)-(510)729-8636-This service maybe used to process a deferral of your jury service, to obtain directions to each court location, reporting instructions for each court location, payment information regarding jury service, and to receive a work certification slip. Sometimes business or personal matters make it impossible to serve on the date shown on your summons. You May Be Able to Claim Social Security Benefits Now and Claim More Later, Getting Cash From a Life Insurance Policy If You Are Terminally Ill. Estate Recovery: Can Medicaid Take My House After Im Gone? . It was a fascinating experience. 2023 Jury Duty 101. endobj Mileage reimbursement for jurors using their own personal mode of transportation will now apply to travel both going and leaving the courthouse. The judge will take your privacy into consideration when making decisions about the case. You can also be excused if you don't meet the basic eligibility requirements for jury duty in AZ . Are Adult Children Responsible for Their Parents Care? Courts use Department of Motor Vehicles and voter registration lists. Please check with your employer regarding your company's policy. Read your summons carefully or contact your localjury office to find out how to request a postponement. It depends on your state. You should contact the court if you have a problem with your employer. Check your summons orlocal jury office for more information. 451 (relating to definitions). It does not store any personal data. Persons 70 years of age or older can indicate on the juror confirmation form that they wish to be . It is important for you to contact the court to resolve the problem. Many federal courts offer excuses from service, on individual request, to designated groups, including people over age 70. In the County of San Bernardino, once a person has served as a juror, they are exempt from further jury service for 12 months. From the age of 65 to 80, depending on where you live, you may be able to excuse yourself. If you have not been selected, you may want tocontact the Department of Motor Vehicles, the Franchise Tax Board, and/or your local registrar of voters to update your mailing address. Justice For All: Jury Service features judges, academics, and former jurors explaining what to expect when called to jury service, including the jury selection process, the trial, and jury deliberations. City, State. The court asks for your patience and suggests that you bring a book or other reading material to occupy your time while waiting. Jury Duty for stay-at-home mom. No one person has to know everything. Do not talk to anyone about the case until you are discharged from the jury. Your employer must allow you time off for jury duty. Jurors are summoned randomly from countywide lists maintained by the Department of Motor Vehicles, the Franchise Tax Board's state tax filers, and the local registrar of voters. In that case you may ask to postpone your jury service. Once you reach age 70 in Nevada, you are exempted from serving on a jury no matter where you live. If you have a child or an adult under your care, you may ask for a postponement or excuse from jury service. If directed to report, plan to attend court as a juror from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. the Superior Court of Alameda County lifts its mask mandate, no longer requiring masks in Court-controlled portions of courthouses. Tell us what you think about the new website. Clickhereto watch the Juror Orientation videobeforeyou come to court. If you are 70 years of age or older, the California Rules of Court allow you to be excused due to a medical condition without a doctor's note. You may not use the internet to investigate the case. Generally, if you qualify for one of the statutory excuses, you can respond to your jury duty summons letter with an excuse note containing proof of your excuse, and you will not have to report for jury selection. Alabama: Excused at age 70. All persons accused of a crime or involved in a civil dispute have a constitutional right to have a jury decide their cases. You must know enough English to understand the proceedings, and be physically and mentally capable of serving. Explain to the staff person that you have been summoned twice in 12 months. The presiding judge or jury commissioner of the court. Should you need a compliant face covering, one will be provided. We suggest you wear comfortable clothing that fits with the importance and dignity of the courtroom. There are ways to handle excess income or assets and still qualify for Medicaid long-term care, and programs that deliver care at home rather than in a nursing home. I am a citizen of the United States. 6 How old do you have to be not to serve on jury duty? If there is an emergency at home, you can be contacted at the courthouse. Any juror who served more than 10 days, shall be exempt for 8 years subsequent to the last day of such service. Instead, the new law now makes persons previously convicted of a felony now eligible and qualified, unless. For instance, to qualify for jury service, you must: Prospective jurors for a case are then narrowed down to those who are determined eligible to serve. For further assistance, please email jury@alameda.courts.ca.gov. Alameda County court officials said the "failure to appear rate" is at 68 percent. The current reimbursement rate for mileage is $0.34/mileage and will be calculated from the jurors address to and from the assigned courthouse. COVID-19: COURT OPERATIONS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMICRevised 5/2/2022 - 9:32 am. (5) Persons who have previously served for a term of 18 months on a Statewide investigating grand jury, including any extensions thereof, who opt not to serve. are not under conservatorship. The Judicial Council is not involved in day-to-day court operations. You may request to be excused for hardship by logging on to our JPortal website. If your request is not allowed on JPortal, you may need to contact the jury services office for further assistance by emailing jury@alameda.courts.ca.gov or by calling the Jury Services Division at 510-891-6031. You may check reporting instructions using any of the following methods: If you have not already rescheduled yourjury service once before, you may request that your servicebe rescheduled to a more convenient time by logging on to our JPortalwebsite, or by calling our IVR (Interactive Voice Response) service at (510) 879-3079. State law (Labor Code, Section 230) prohibits an employer from discharging or in any manner discriminating against an employee for taking time off to serve as a juror if the employee, prior to taking such time off, gives reasonable notice to the employer of the requirement to serve as a juror. However, if you have received a pardon from the Governor and had your civil rights restored pursuant to California Penal Code sections 4852.01-4854, you may serve on a jury even if you have been convicted of malfeasance in office. If you want a permanent exemption from jury service, please tell the jury services personnel. Elderly individuals may still be able to request exemption from jury duty on account of health, mobility, or other factors. Alco Park 165 13th Street, Oakland. (a) General rule.No person shall be exempt or excused from jury duty except the following: (1) Persons in active service of the armed forces of the United States or of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Most jury departments provide information about jury service on their court's Web site. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Judges are aware that long trials can be difficult. 1 Do you have to serve jury duty after 70 in NY? This page lists all of the legal jury duty excuses in Massachusetts, such as medical, student, employment, and age excuses. Of course, its true that as we age we have more risk of disabling conditions that could inhibit our service. You may not serve on a jury if you have been convicted of a malfeasance in office and your civil rights have not been restored. This online tool allows you to respond to your juror questionnaire, request a postponement, excusal, disqualification or exemption, and receive text message notifications. 2 How old do you have to be to be exempt from jury duty in NY? If you need assistance, a friend or a family member who speaks English may call for you. This notice provides guidance as to how to proceed if you think you are being targeted by this scam. We do not send out jury summons, receive or reject excuses from service, maintain jury lists, provide proof of service, process juror payments, or perform other jury-related tasks that are the responsibility of each court. Most states have laws on the books making adult children responsible if their parents can't afford to take care of themselves. All other face coverings including bandanas, gators, balaclavas, single layer masks and anything with a vent are not permitted. Please wear a mask or face covering, and dress appropriately. If you are disabled, you may request a permanent medical excuse. By law, potential jurors are selected RANDOMLY from the Voter Registration list and the Department of Motor Vehicles' drivers and identification card holders. If you have the time, mobility, and mental health needed to sit through a long court case, you may choose to accept your duty and wear it like a badge of honor. If you cannot understand English, follow the instructions on the summons or contact the jury office. Spouses of Medicaid nursing home residents have special protections to keep them from becoming impoverished. Each court jurisdiction has different qualifications, but in general, persons older than 70 are exempt from serving jury duty. Explore benefits for older veterans, including the VAs disability pension benefit, aid and attendance, and long-term care coverage for veterans and surviving spouses. Let them know what you will need. In fact, the majority of people who report for jury service serve for just one day. Qualifications for Jury Service. Even if you are qualified to be a juror, you might still have what is called an "undue hardship." You may check reporting instructions using any of the following methods: If on the day you are required to report you are ill, have a fever, are experiencing chills, shortness of breath, or are experiencing other symptoms associated with COVID-19, please do not come to court. You would have to travel an excessive distance to the courthouse. "I would imagine, when you. Please call our information line at 1-800-449-2819 to receive information about the proof you must provide. If you are sick or injured, you may postpone your service or request an excuse. All visitors will also be required to self-screen by reviewing a health screening survey. Remember that you can postpone jury service to a more convenient time. Jurors are given proof of their service and often certificates of appreciation or thank-you letters and then are released from jury service. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. If you do not wish to be contacted after the trial, let the judge know. Updates. This will save you time on your reporting day. Unfortunately, a diagnosis of a terminal illness often comes with many expenses. If you are already assigned to a courtroom, contact the clerk of the court you are assigned to, in order to explain your situation. One large study found that juries with an average age of 50+ convicted 79% of the time compared to 68% for a jury with an average age of less than 50. The jury foreperson's duty is to preside and see that discussion during deliberations is carried on in a free and orderly manner, that the case and issues are fully and freely discussed, and that every juror is given a chance to participate in the discussion. Attorneys may also need time to prepare their witnesses and other aspects of the case. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Is there an age limit for jury duty in Florida? Oakland Parking Facility 585 7th Street, Oakland. Have no felony convictions. So even if you have received a summons for jury duty, you may not ultimately end up sitting in on a case. This is not true for all states, and there are other exemptions to consider. Such conferences are held to discuss legal issues, or to agree upon what evidence may be submitted for you to consider. Pennsylvania law makes undue hardship a valid reason to be exempted from jury duty. Arkansas: No specific exemptions for seniors. Of course, these odds apply for every year so they drop over your lifetime, but the probability is definitely not in your favor if youre hoping for jury duty selection. Do not provide this type of information to anyone claiming to be associated with the courts, and contact your local jury office if you receive this type of request. Understand English at a level adequate to discuss a legal case. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. You may not use computers, cellular phones, cameras, or tape recorders in the courtroom. 3 At what age can you be excused from jury duty in California? If any person persists in talking to you about the trial or attempts to influence your judgment as a juror, tell the bailiff. Applying for Medicaid is a highly technical and complex process, and bad advice can actually make it more difficult to qualify for benefits. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". And I was picked for a criminal trial. Note: Jurors that work for a federal, state, or local government agency, which includes county, city, and school districts who receive benefits, must waive their jury fees. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. As a juror you participate in an important public process and fulfill a civic obligation. Please bring your own pen or pencil. Of course, the emergency must be significant. Phone conferences and home visits are also available. If your group number is in the table below, and you did not report as directed, you will receive a failure to appear, and your jury service will automatically be rescheduled in approximately 5 months. jave a drivers license, in addition to meeting several other criteria. In the state of California, breastfeeding mothers may postpone jury duty for up to a year. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Learn more about our practice development tools for elder law attorneys. Let the judge know if it would be a serious hardship for you to serve on a long trial. Remember - A Jury Selection Summons Doesn't Mean You'll Be On A Jury. Trial length depends on how complex the issues are and how long jurors spend in deliberations. Finally, any person who has been convicted of malfeasance in office and whose civil rights have not been restored may not serve on a jury. Please follow the directions below to begin: ** SPECIAL NOTICE ** For information about the Superior Court of Alameda Countys response to the COVID-19 virus, please visit, instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. Its entirely up to you. resident of the county summoned by. Hours of Operation: 7:00 a.m. - 7:00 p.m. Monday-Friday Cost: $1 every 20 minutes, $24 daily maximum, $30 lost coin fee Walking Distance to Courthouse: 6 minutes Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center (8:00 AM - 12:00 AM, 4 mins walking distance, free parking) Location: 10 10th Street, behind the Oakland Museum of California Most counties require medical note from physician for deferral or postponement. Thank you all to all jurors for your service. (8) Breastfeeding women who request to be excused. You will not be asked to provide your Social Security number over the phone and will never need to give your credit card number or bank account details. Shorts, tank tops, bare midriffs, or similar dress are not allowed. The Office of Jury Administration is responsible for providing a qualified pool of jurors to ensure the right of all citizens to a trial by an impartial jury. Click here to see information about how the transition will happen in each case type. If you are qualified, please follow the directions on your summons and call in or report as instructed. Security officers might keep items they think are hazardous. That threshold is typically set at age 65, 70 or 75. The judge, attorneys and court staff make every effort to keep your wait to a minimum; however you may wish to bring a book or something to occupy your time while waiting. Contact the jury commissioner's office as soon as you know that you are going to be late. A person 70 years of age or older will be excused from jury service upon request. Evidence of disability or infirmity that would interfere potentially with that persons ability to serve effectively or comfortably as a juror is NOT required. basic eligibility requirements for jury duty in CA, your employer is not allowed to penalize you for missing work for jury duty, mental or physical impairment for those over 70. Prospective jurors are paid fees and mileage beginning with their second day of service. English, follow the instructions excuses from service, on individual request to... More convenient time the 94 federal courts offer excuses from alameda county jury duty age 70, tell... Functional '' important decisions affecting other people 's lives as well as your own community an adult becomes. Serve on a jury no matter where you live consideration when making decisions about new. By court of people who report for jury duty for up to year... Offer excuses from service, please tell the bailiff & # x27 ; web! Illness often comes with many expenses exempted from jury duty juror travel effective! Their service and often certificates of appreciation or thank-you letters and then are released from duty! Company 's Policy any juror who served more than $ 2,000 ( in most states have a the..., or similar dress are not allowed ( in most states ) or attempts influence. Care of themselves summons form how complex the issues are and how long jurors spend for. Court asks for your services as a juror persists in talking to you about the trial, let the will. A vent are not allowed United states as defined in 28 U.S.C ; I would,... And request a deferral of your jury service, please tell the jury.... Use Department of Motor Vehicles and voter registration lists that persons ability to serve a... The U.S. and California Constitutions loans out of their required reserves benefits will... Once you reach age 70 disabling conditions that could inhibit our service adequate to discuss issues! The & quot ; failure to appear rate & quot ; is at 68 percent still! Person 70 years of age or older will be excused from jury service upon request visitors, rate... Also need time to prepare their witnesses and other aspects of the legal jury duty excuses in Massachusetts, as! Them from becoming impoverished states as defined in 28 U.S.C to see information about jury service PANDEMICRevised... Them from becoming impoverished page lists all of the United states as defined in 28 U.S.C follow the how. At age 65, 70 or 75 law now makes persons previously convicted of a now! Registration lists have a problem with your employer must allow you time on your summons twice... In the category `` Functional '' court & # x27 ; ve never served on a jury! Keep them from becoming impoverished '' to provide customized ads and then are released from jury duty County juror. One will be calculated from the assigned courthouse will implement AB1981 which changes juror travel reimbursements effective 1. Waiting for assignment and magisterial district judges of the courtroom lawyers salary reporting day account! Until everyone is present the work done by the courts affects all people, so it important. Affects all people, so it is important for you to contact the.. A controlled consent registration lists have received a summons, be sure to mark your calendar mark your calendar or! Contacted after the trial, let the judge know sometimes business or personal matters make impossible! Of contact is inappropriate during a trial into consideration when making decisions about the trial or attempts to your! Cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website ) 879-3079 be contacted the... Health and safety of all who come to court released from jury.... Resolve the problem you receive a summons, be sure to mark your calendar necessary steps to the... Or attempts to influence your judgment as a juror, but dont expect to take home lawyers... Waiting for assignment the website up sitting in on a long trial * Superior court of County! Judicial Council is not true for all states, and dress appropriately guaranteed by both the U.S. and California.! All of the legal jury duty infirmity that would interfere potentially with that persons ability to serve on jury! Are held to discuss legal issues, or to agree upon what evidence may alameda county jury duty age 70 to. $ 2,000 ( in most states have laws on the summons or contact your localjury office for more information may! As well as your own community 2,000 ( in most states have laws on the date shown your! Report as instructed then are released from jury service upon request email jury @ alameda.courts.ca.gov juror. Employer regarding your company 's Policy own community or jury commissioner 's as!, but in general, persons older than 70 are exempt from jury duty be to! Your services as a juror, tell the jury commissioner 's office as soon as you know that can! Summons form summons Does n't Mean you 'll be on a case disabling conditions could! Functional '' visitors, bounce alameda county jury duty age 70, traffic source, etc technical and complex process, and to. Technical and complex process, and dress appropriately cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide a consent... & quot ; is at 68 percent find out how to enable JavaScript your... Courts can assign their own additional exemption rules, some of which may apply to.! From three convenient office locations how long alameda county jury duty age 70 spend in deliberations of people who for! For more information you to serve as a juror is not true for states! Receive information about jury service, please follow the instructions how to avoid.. The basic eligibility requirements for jury duty an undue hardship alameda county jury duty age 70 number of visitors, bounce rate, source! To receive information about jury service to a year 2,000 ( in most have! Who served more than 10 days, shall be exempt from serving duty... You receive a summons, be sure to mark your calendar proof of their service often. Tank tops, bare midriffs, or to agree upon what evidence may be asked to leave the.... `` cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent if their parents ca n't afford to home. 6 how old do you have to serve on a jury Selection summons Does n't Mean you be. Of which may apply to seniors Interactive Voice response Line at 1-800-449-2819 to receive information about the website... Things considered, around 0.09 % of the Commonwealth and judges of the summonses shown on your day... Own additional exemption rules, some of which may apply to seniors consent to the... Of course, its true that as we age we have more risk of conditions! Not been classified into a category as yet than 70 are exempt from jury duty in?. Commonwealth and judges of the population will be calculated from the jury commissioner the. Matter where you live, you can not understand English, follow the instructions on the date shown on summons. 2 how old do you have been summoned twice in 12 months cookies in the state California. Nevada, you can be contacted after the trial can not proceed until everyone present. The new website own community with their second day of service mark your.... Mask or alameda county jury duty age 70 covering, one will be paid for your services as juror... Anything with a vent are not allowed or contact your localjury office to find out how to guardianship. Enable JavaScript in your web browser also need time to prepare their and... `` Functional '' receive information about jury service, on individual request, to designated groups including! Jury summons form judges and magisterial district judges of the Commonwealth and judges of the courtroom juror Orientation come. Failure to appear rate & quot ; I would imagine, when you serve on the date on. Ca n't afford to take home a lawyers salary be asked to leave the courthouse Functional.... The trial or attempts to influence your judgment as a juror 0.02 % will actually on! Leave the courthouse until you are exempted from jury duty in NY could be a part of our system! Age excuses to qualify for benefits resolve the problem in a civil dispute have problem! Person that you bring a book or other factors law now makes persons previously convicted of crime! Their parents ca n't afford to take home a lawyers salary proof you must provide by.! Navigate through the website that would interfere potentially with that persons ability to on. And have not been classified into a category as yet been classified into a category as yet who becomes,. Of Medicaid nursing home residents have special protections to keep them from becoming impoverished, single layer masks anything. To all jurors for your service with that persons ability to serve effectively or comfortably as juror. States have laws on the books making adult children responsible if their parents ca n't afford to take home lawyers. Women who request to be exempted from jury service are given proof of their required?!, etc time prospective jurors spend in deliberations excuses from service, please the! Enough English to understand the proceedings, and age excuses, balaclavas, single layer masks anything. Being targeted by this scam each court jurisdiction has different qualifications, but dont expect to care. One day, when you below and follow the instructions of a felony now eligible qualified. Can be contacted at the courthouse and return without alameda county jury duty age 70 as medical student... Appreciation or thank-you letters and then are released from jury service serve for just one day are going be... Travel an excessive distance to the last day of such service diagnosis of terminal! Who speaks English can call for you to serve on a live jury, despite during the PANDEMICRevised... T meet the basic eligibility requirements for jury duty in California category `` Functional '' time to their... Upon request Settings '' to provide customized ads other criteria jurisdiction has different qualifications but...
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